The stratified two-stage sampling was used as a sampling design in NFHS-4. The population-based cross-sectional and nationally representative data from the National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16) with a sample of men and women were analyzed. The present study assessed the determinants of underweight and overweight/obesity in India amongst adult men and women aged 15-49. The discourse of dual burden due to underweight and overweight is not widely explored for both the male and female. India is still facing the burden of undernutrition and communicable diseases, and there is steady growth of overweight or obesity. Early screening and adequate awareness and health-care intervention are essential to reduce the global burden of diabetes. Therefore, preventing and controlling diabetes with multisectoral efforts and effective interventions are very important. The global burden of diabetes not only poses serious challenges to public health but tend to have an overwhelming effect on the global development through substantial social and economic loss.
As a hormonal and metabolic chronic condition, diabetes is a main driver of several other comorbid health outcomes such as cardiovascular diseases, mental health disorders, kidney diseases, eye-related disorders, neuropathy, rheumatoid arthritis, bone-related diseases, etc. Contributed by the complex interaction between genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors, globally, the prevalence of diabetes accentuates at the age of 45–49 with one in ten older adults diagnosed with diabetes with the peak prevalence rate of 24% in the oldest old age of 85–89. Among WHO regions, the Eastern Mediterranean, part of Asia, and Africa have higher prevalence of diabetes as compared to other countries, while Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions have the largest numbers of people with diabetes.
The rapid rise in the prevalence of diabetes in low- and middle-income countries suggests the changing course of the diabetes epidemiology that it is a more widespread problem across the rich and poor nations as well as among the rich and poor of the nations. Worldwide, 1.4 million deaths and 2.5% of total deaths are attributed to diabetes in 2017. Globally, the estimated number of people living with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 476 million in 2017 with the prevalence of diabetes among adults over 18 years of age rising from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic noncommunicable disease contributing to a major share of premature morbidity and mortality in age 30–70.